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Crisis and Labor - Part 2

continue the discussion begun in the previous post, facing other issues concerning the crisis and Labour .

Crisis, work, mobbing:

bullying The term is not used in all countries. In Anglo-Saxon world and in Japan for example, we use the term bullying and bullies to indicate the "aggressors from the office." This is because the first studies on the phenomenon, dating back to the beginning of the seventies, were conducted among school children, and only then it was considered appropriate to distinguish between workplace and school environment-youth. The French prefer the term harcèlement, literally, "harassment". Mobbing is derived from English to mob (= attack, attack, encircle). The term is taken from ethology of Konrad Lorenz, in reference to a particular behavior of the flock (= mobb, bandwidth) that manifests itself in the coalition against an "other" or "disturbers" balance system-group, to delete or to delete it aggressively groped.
In general, the English term was used by most of the 800 biologists to describe the behavior of the birds that fly around the nest to defend the attacker. The "psychological terrorism on the job" until some time ago it was a phenomenon completely ignored. Only in the eighties, the term has begun to indicate that some were victims of persecution, in the workplace. Victims of bullying suffer from stress and for their commute to work is problematic.

The environment is not welcoming, the only deal with certain people or certain tasks, puts forward. You feel always under review, attacked, criticized. Often, quite unfairly. You begin to doubt themselves, to not be able to handle the situation. Until the defeat. Which consists of being made redundant, or in going to endure a situation unbearable.
the late eighties Heinz Leymann, the first researcher who has produced consistent results on the phenomenon, has developed a questionnaire, which then provided the categories to classify the various actions unconscionable. The model is called LIPT (Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terrorism) and includes five different "attacks":

1. the opportunity to attack: the victim is excluded from the daily discussions, remains ignorant of information work-related, is isolated and has no support;
2. attack on social relations: to get around the victim to create an almost total social isolation, including physical if you can relegate it in isolated places where it can not communicate with anyone;
3. social attachment to the image: it activates a set of actions aimed at inducing the victim in error (for example by providing information or conflicting demands), built around this negative image of incompetence and unreliability;
4. attack on the quality of work and family: the indications mobbing, given continuously refer to particular tasks dequalificanti or even foolish for the company;
5. attack on health: the leaders ordered their subordinates to work with dangerous machinery and in condition of high risk.

Because of the complexity of the phenomenon to the presence of multiple actors, and often indirect actions unconscionable that characterize the actions more sophisticated, it is difficult to arrive at a shared definition of bullying. However, it appears that there is agreement that bullying is when the actions described are conducted with rather high frequency (at least a week), protracted (at least six months). In general, it is widespread among the experts, the view that prevention of bullying should start from workplace and by the group. The Court relies on to establishing the existence of a biological damage that must meet a set of criteria on which, here, not dwell. I will confine myself here to say that the complexity of the issues, the approach to the phenomenon of bullying must be multidisciplinary and involve: the occupational physician (who will assess the risks taking into account the change in working conditions and psychological well-being and identify any deficiencies in the work), the psychiatrist or psychologist (who has to make a clinical diagnosis of adjustment disorders that are resolved within six months after the onset of the stressors), the coroner (Will try to frame the current and previous working life of the victim, the presence of diseases that have arisen as a result of this situation and demonstrate the link between actions affecting the subject and damage). At this point I still want to point out a number of situations that can serve as a wake-up call for the workers:

• you are marginalized at work tasks are decreased
• •
are no longer assigned work tasks hitherto performed
• it is continuously transferred from one department to another
• dequalificanti tasks are assigned with respect to their professional profile are given tasks
• excessive in terms of quantity or personal skills •
it is excluded from training and professional development •
was continuously monitored

The most sensible and realistic attitude to take, if you have a hint of bullying is whether you This contrasts with normal, easily solved, or true harassment. Therefore, we must act on themselves. As it happens in most cases where someone is the victim of a persecutor, the persecutor takes much more power the more the persecuted him leave to buy. Those who feel the target of persecution must be spoken openly and should avoid closing in upon itself, and any criticism must be made directly to the person concerned, so that it can replicate. At the same time you should not focus all their energies only on issues related to work, very often it is always understood to "see" a problem that the exaggerated, also the consequence of this kind of attitude is that friends and relatives who initially support who is mobbed (or suspect) or get tired of seeing their friend or relative overload and so leave him alone with his problem, or trying to help him end up fueling his conduct irrational and exacerbate the problem.
To outline, if you think you suffer unjustly critical, recommended: •

evaluate the criticism can sometimes be our attitude to provoke the reaction of the other, must therefore consider first the attitude: If you are honest, courteous, if the first act is critical unconstructive, such attitudes can be improved, and how such change. Changing ourselves inevitably produce a different effect on the other. •
react to criticism: where you are sure that there are exaggerated or unfounded criticism, we must respond assertive, so that others feel. The best way to answer is undoubtedly a calm but determined, we must avoid and unnecessary negative tone circuits acrimonious discussions or over the top. We must not become disheartened by criticism, but continue to do their jobs better. It 'absolutely not recommended to place oneself in the role of victim afraid or plaintive, if necessary, must face the "mobbers" and talk with superiors without getting into a circuit of the "gossip" and search for complicity. Finally, we must always remember to try to give everything its proper weight. At least half of the stress that we are victims, just depends on us. •
distinguish the personal and professional aspect: you must learn to distinguish the possible failure of the working capacity of the person, and seek the objective causes. Maintain confidence in themselves and know how to evaluate the true causes is the best way to solve the problem.

Crisis, work and stress:

today, work-related stress has become a major concern for entrepreneurs who are suffering and costs for all lovers of prevention especially when operating in government or international organizations. Studies by the European Foundation between 1996 and 2000 showed that at least 28% of workers in those years have reported symptoms related to stress (most commonly musculoskeletal disorders) and other surveys have also reported as at least 50 - 60% of days lost is connected to Work-related stress is defined as a "set of emotional, cognitive, behavioral and physiological aspects related to negative and harmful content, and organization of the workplace." Stress has been increasingly the subject of extensive discussion in the field of industrial relations in national and international, to the point that it has signed an international agreement to which he then (after a few years) in Italy was followed by the signing of an agreement on stress while interconfederal at the legislative level, the areas of protection have been better defined and defined in Legislative Decree no. 81/2008 own with the need to include in the risk assessment work in the company, conditions that can lead to situations stress-related. In recent years, also the progress, the acquisition of new technologies, changes to work organization, such as greater flexibility have led to the increasing need to develop interventions and work patterns different from the past. These models are characterized by greater availability and greater specialization in work and to which are added commitments of various kinds: business studies and research, using new technologies, upgrade paths, transfer times to and from venues work, family and social commitments. The overload of requests and determine the status and causes of phenomena that define the term "stress" and have increasing importance in the evaluation of the welfare conditions since, in parallel, we see a steady decrease risk "traditional" because of the increased awareness of the harmful factors, the awareness of health issues and the innovative and gradually adopted better technology over time in each production sector.
Hans Selye, an Austrian physician considered the father of the concept of stress, made a distinction between eustress and distress.

acute stress or eustress consists of a:

- optimal degree of tension or external stress that would result once you reach the goal;
- defended by the monotony and Activation of useful resources;
- refining capacity of attention and concentration;
- encouraging the learning and memory;
- facilitator in stimulating creative problem-solving.
Chronic stress or distress would be in:
- continuous exposure to external stimuli;
- excessive physiological arousal and psychic
- forcing exaggerated and unnatural organic energy;
- prolonged process of endurance and strength;
- period of wear and exhaustion.

In general we can say that a part of stress (conceptually similar to the concept of sound-ray activation grease job objectives), the source is eustress positive for the individual, but the distress can be a source of negativity and then because of injuries, low productivity and absenteeism. Stress in the workplace may be due to various causes, largely from problems of inadequacy of rewards (benefits, services, wages, precarious contracts, pensions, etc..) Structural (pests, inappropriate environments, obsolete equipment), relational (relations badly managed vertical or horizontal) or organization (overload, shifts, beats, breaks, job insecurity, etc...) For example, excessive noise can make it difficult to concentrate and communicate with colleagues and work as long as it makes for protraction of extraordinary or for activities beyond 48 hours per week has doubled because of the risk for deaths from heart disease than those who work less than 40 hours, with an increased risk if the pace of work is very strong. Still, the presence of high responsibility towards third parties as with air traffic controllers, pilots, ambulance crews, doctors and nurses, may lead to high levels of stress as well as the recruitment of high management responsibilities in contexts that do not offer a adequate support and safety, or when relations with superiors or colleagues, are characterized by competitiveness, lack of consideration or misunderstanding when the job does not offer adequate guarantees of stability (Es.lavori "atypical") or safety, or if the possibility of career advancement are very scarce, where there is dissatisfaction with the lack of personal fulfillment, despite a fair remuneration.
According to the Consensus Statement (2006) MLIS on the "Assessment, prevention and correction of the harmful effects of stress in the workplace" (Cesana & coll.) Stress was important in disorders of gastrointestinal function, can also help in determining the pop- of inflammatory bowel disease, gastroesophageal reflux ol'esacerbazione as well as the aggravation or the appearance of skin disorders (psoriasis, hives, dermatitis eczema). Then recently, studies of psychoneuroimmunology have shown that changes in behavior and emotional states typical of stressful situations that might induce the complex neuroendocrine events also modulate disease processes, including allergies or even cancer.
In stressful situations can arise with changes to the intellectual difficulty maintaining the pace of work, appearance of mnemonic deficits, attention, concentration and information processing. The reactions of anxiety, often when you realize that it could not cope with the demands of accountability, appropriateness, urgency, precision, and then the subsequent occurrence of errors, delays, omissions significant association may determine or depression, irritability, pain, feelings of guilt. May occur in some cases eating disorders (bulimia most fre-quently, rarely anorexia), or there may be abuse of psychoactive substances (tobacco, alcohol, drugs) often actually motivated by prolonged stress, physical exhaustion, need to wake, insecurity.
Sleep disturbances are frequent occurrence of stressful situations. May occur in a common form of insomnia (difficulty falling, frequent awakenings, waking up early) or sometimes even more severe syndromes such as nightmares, bruxism, the hypersomnia, nocturnal myoclonus. And sleep disorders, according to studies, would be more common in manual workers with high workload with low support from colleagues.
The burnout framework that describes the physical and mental exhaustion of workers particularly vulnerable to stress or difficult situations with people, is a stress-related disease which particularly affects operators motivated reps and that is expressed by emotional exhaustion, detachment , loss of interest in the people with whom you work, alienation, intolerance, feelings of failure, apathy, sometimes aggressive and often psychosomatic symptoms of cardiovascular, intestinal, skin and nervous. High levels of
seems to stress may occur more frequently in jobs with high psychological stress, poor decision-making ability and autonomy, lack of support from colleagues. For example, to a survey of 1987 cited as "stressed out" miners, policemen, prison guards, construction (as well as pilots, journalists, actors and doctors) where the type of activities performed was characterized by high accountability, fear of mistakes, high and constant attention. In our country, particularly among workers are stressed, including air traffic controllers, bus drivers operating (for high attention shifts, traffic, fear of attacks, etc..) Workers shift workers, workers health, teachers, police, experts in the call center (often deprived of social recognition and professional staff to repetitive, fragmented, or in need of high capacity for problem solving, exposed to criticism or complaints from users, constantly monitored and under operating pressure, often working in low and comfortable with heavy rounds).

Without going further into this argument, I close by saying that tend to overload on the same work or unemployment, lead to overloading of distress (to return to the definitions of Selye), who is experiencing a moment of crisis, distress, must make an effort to lighten its load of distress, for dell'eustress and if the reader will read the definitions of distress and eustress above, it is easily deduced that this means not always stay focused on the negative aspects of the problem, disconnect from shifts too heavy or extreme job searches (in the case unemployment), do not assume an attitude victim (or concederseli only occasionally, it is human!), to give room for creativity and turn their resources.

Crisis, work and society:

will address this issue further, for now I limit myself to a few brief thoughts. In our society, work is everything, we ask "what do you do?" as well as asking your name, age, etc.. someone we know. Yet the example of other cultures, "says" you can live without all focus on labor history and the facts of today's economic crisis, then we say that the work can not be everything, because if the economy collapses, also collapses the labor market, but can not and must not collapse our lives. I will not be here to discuss how many hours it is right to work, the ideal would be that all its employees enough for us to live and be happy, and I think there is anyway to make terms with something: you can be happy working voluntarily more than twelve hours working day or only a few hours. These choices and specific needs. There are employers satisfied with their lives, as workers satisfied with their job and their lives, then there are entrepreneurs on the verge of a nervous breakdown and forced laborers from a rotten system and the need to make ends meet in exhausting shifts that put also at risk their health. There are those who must give up the relationship because he is ambitious and wants to earn more and more there is a minimum wage for those who must endure grueling shift comuunque sosttoporsi also the anxiety of not being able to pay all expenses, not to have certainty for the future and leave their children alone too, a / a partner / a. Again, no I think we can say with certainty what is the right choice, what work we should do and what not, the matter is that modern employment policies seem increasingly away from the individual dimension of job satisfaction, job security and the fixed place, the myths of the older generation now accounts for the failure of the new generations. If the old strategies collapse, then there is a need for new strategies, new thinking on labor and employment policies. I close by inviting the reader to reflection through the words of Erich Fromm: "The question at issue touches on one of the most painful of contemporary society. One of the more obvious psychological of modern life is the fact that the activities which constitute means for the purpose, have increasingly usurped the role of ends in themselves, but for Codest menano blurred and unreal existence. People work to earn money, make money to do with it, things enjoyable. In the work are the means, enjoyment, purpose. But what, concretely, does it happen? We work to make more money, you takes your money to make even more money, and end-to-enjoyment of life, is eventually lost sight of. The men are in a hurry and invent things to get more time. And then use the time saved can to rush to gain more time, until they feel so exhausted, it can no longer use the time they saved. We are now embroiled in a media network, we have lost the vision of the goals. We have radios capable of bringing everyone the best in music and literature. But we hear instead is, to a large extent, at the level of tabloid trash, or an advertisement that is an insult to the intelligence and good taste. We have the most wonderful tools and resources that man has ever had, but we do not stop to ask what they are used (Fromm, 1971). Fromm wrote these words more than a few years ago, I think it is very high time to consider them.

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Crisis and labor relations




Crisis and work

Too much work, no job, a job that does not meet, a job that is not enough to make ends meet, a work environment in which we live badly: there are many situations that can bind a state of crisis to a work situation (or lack of work). Certainly in today's society the main reason of crisis is often caused by unemployment, a condition which in turn fits within a broader framework of an economy in crisis, increasingly global economy whose mechanisms seem to fall more and more often due to errors of measurement and bad faith with which some, indeed many, are acting.
basically work, if you choose to play one, with some differences from person to person and from job to job, plays a role: keep busy, makes a profit, avoid boredom, time frame, gives meaning, allows integration social, is a source of identity. It is also said that the work is a source of creativity and skill and keep healthy, it is argued that in fact in many ways the work ennobles man, of course, is hard to see how effective this potential labor especially for some categories of work and especially if one considers the fact that each year the number of workplace fatalities continued to rise. Even if work you can die, its lack or dissatisfaction towards their working reality can be a serious source of stress, helplessness, irritability, anxiety and concern.


Here, I open the "windows" on the job, for example, of course, but not exhaustive.

Crisis and type of work:

Sometimes the crisis does not come from the lack or loss of job, but dissatisfaction towards the type of work we do. Sometimes we put aside our aspirations and we chose the certainty of the money, the reality of job security, work that allows us to reconcile our time with the family or that more befits a lifestyle that is appropriate (or at least we used to consider this), or have instead chosen a risky job, adventurous, and the certainty and security that allow other jobs , begin to "make us groove." And so, sometimes more or less suddenly the "perfect mechanism jams" and we are left with a high level of frustration and with a desire to leave everything, cursing each working day and the "golden cage" in which we more or less consciously held. Other times, we evaluated our choices consciously and carefully, however, the need for change breaks powerfully into our lives and puts us at a crossroads with two directions: stay where you are or take a new road.

We must remember that the way to "live" and feel its working dimension affect a number of factors: individual predispositions, social environment, family background, practical needs (money) and irrational needs (satisfaction, self esteem, social recognition, image , etc.).. Ideally, rational and irrational needs always coincide, but nevertheless this is the situation more difficult, and so sometimes we have to be "tossed" in the conflict between "the heart and reason" and more, especially when we are in crisis, the reasons of the mind and the reasons of the heart, not always "speak" clearly, we create even more confusion than ever. Often, when the experience that sends us in crisis is dissatisfaction with the work behind this sense of frustration emotional needs are not well deciphered or rational requirements that force us to respond equally rational. The situations may be the most diverse, certainly the attitude that should take a careful analysis is critical and maybe you can also ask for expert advice from an expert who will facilitate in making us aware of our needs and our reasons for the crisis. We must bear in mind that once deciphered the reasons for the crisis, we have to choices, choices definitive and categorical, are well-considered, should assess the risks and benefits and if the "worth it" you can choose to implement them. Certainly not always and necessarily the solution to the crisis must be a final choice, sometimes you can find a smooth solution. For example, if your greatest desire is to earn more, you need to understand what is the way to do that: two jobs, a career, a different job, a parallel activity. If the desire is to give room for creativity, you can radically change jobs or even maintain it, carving out, however, non-work spaces in which to unleash creativity. The greatest risk in this kind of crisis is that fear of change (the sense of responsibility for some, the inability to take responsibility for others) paralyzes us and remains there to throw down and tell dissatisfied, and do nothing constructive choices. The healthiest attitude is rather to decipher the needs and see what possible ways you can travel to meet them. It is seen that very often those who dare to get results much more satisfactory than those who remain trapped in their fears, but as mentioned above, the categorical choices are not for everyone, you can then choose some little creative adjustment to be made to their working lives and beyond.

may also happen that the crisis that we feel like work and we tell ourselves as such, instead of hiding other issues but we do not like to deal with. Ultimately, it may happen that we start complaining about how it is destroying the work because it is easier to blame the job rather than admit that we are living in unsatisfactory relationships, which we lie to ourselves, that we do not have the courage to change their lives. Listen, understand, is the first way to begin to assess if it really is about the size of work that we must implement a change or whether they are other spheres of our lives that need to be reviewed. E perhaps, after the crisis, our work will return to delight in, or maybe not, but anyway we will act with greater awareness.
One factor that should undoubtedly be taken into consideration is that, of course, does not mean that what we liked at twenty to forty is to our liking, and at the same time, crises of life, accident, may dramatically influence the degree of satisfaction from work.
can happen that the change comes knocking at our door, we must understand when it is appropriate to do so come in and when it is appropriate to send him away, do not change by force but at times, however, if you want to live a full and satisfactory it should be.

crisis and lack Work:

stressors arising from unemployment are different. Among them must be considered disposable income decreased, the concern of failing to meet financial deadlines (costs of food, lodging, transportation, etc..), The emergence of feelings of insecurity for the future, lack or loss of goals and ambitions that correlates to that status, such as the reduction of social life, the restriction of activities and interests, limiting the sense of personal freedom. It can also be an important part of the fear of losing their skills for non-use, the emergence of feelings of inferiority, decreasing self-esteem. Specifically, it seems that there are some typical negative reactions to the lack of work: •
employee attitude: to rely on institutions is seen as the only way to employability;
• vindictive attitude: the institutions are perceived as responsible for their own discomfort;
• defeatist attitude: the work is useless, the world is dangerous and should be refused the proximity (reaction of antisocial behavior);
• innovation: it reflects the cultural importance of the goal but the lack of emphasis on legitimate means and lack of opportunity lead to the use of alternative methods, unlawful; •
rebellion: the conviction that the failure to achieve the goals stated depends on the structure of the company brings to refuse obedience to any social structure. According to Goffman

the condition of unemployment means that the individual experiences a sort of "identity denied" this interpretation of unemployment there is no doubt understand how difficult it is to live and unemployment because people often end up jobless play a role in the Vicar of "consultant", senior, student, to prevent the erosion of self-esteem and demoralization. E 'undeniable: at least for a large part of our Western society, work defines our identity and bind to it in our lives. The point is that, beyond the personal inclinations (workers or enthusiasts who love the sweet doing nothing) we need the work, marks our days and is a dimension closely linked to our sense of self-efficacy. There are many studies which have been observed through the effects of unemployment on people, these studies show us that:

1. those who have experienced periods of unemployment is less stressed for those who are first time;
2. the difference between those who have family and those who do not is small;
3. who attributes his failure to a specific area of \u200b\u200bhis Life is more stressful for those who extend it to life in general;
4. the liability is greater for those who are unemployed the longest;
5. move from one job to another can be even more difficult if it involves a worsening of working conditions;
6. working conditions are very important for the older unemployed. That claim will certainly be greater for the unemployed who are not their first work experience, having worked for years in the same sector and have therefore gained much experience and they built a family in the meantime;
7. who has dedicated his life to a single application may wish to retain identity built through years of difficult choices and career (Sennett, 1998) and therefore the greater the amount of time spent working in the same sector, the lower the willingness to accept a different job and leave unemployment.

Moreover, it appears that the unemployed person is more important, in order: a sense of personal satisfaction, to feel useful, to establish social relations, solve economic problems. And yet, it was seen that the strength of the sense of self-efficacy is significantly related to the number of job-seeking activities (Decker, 1963) and a lower impact of the negative effects of stressful work situations (Jimmieon, 2000)
For Seligman people after repeated failures in reaching their objectives, autoconvincono to be powerless in the face of adversity, renouncing all activities that could improve the situation, especially when the failures are attributed to a causal factor is stable over time and procedure. This means that if the repeated failures in finding a job or in the outcome of the talks are attributed to lack of personal capacity and not lack of effort or high difficulty of the interview itself, the unemployed may feel helpless and decide that it is worth the trouble groped . The decision to resign will be more likely to be as close to retirement age, because the eventual success of the job search will be perceived as too temporary to be worth it.

It seems essential to mention here that reminds us of what Sen (1997) (although his speech fits into a broader economic and employment policies), because people learn by doing, the forced inactivity due to unemployment causes unlearn not doing, unless we put to the test, the less we do, we learn less and less we believe we can do. In fact one response to unemployment is the restriction of the (Agency restriction theory): it restricts the type of possible actions (Fryer, 1986) and compromise with their own projects, with their lives. In the condition of unemployment and then take over two of the form of restriction: an objective, we can define forced by the very condition of unemployment, which, not having a job no experience, do not we form and we are increasingly 'out of the market "The other form of restriction of the action, means that, beyond the actual possibilities, the unemployed person starts to experience yourself as a victim of the system and said that many things for him that is unemployed is not possible.

What destroys the person with the most unemployment is the feeling of losing control of their lives, and so begin to be less adequate coping strategies.

However, what you must do is: • not restrict

actions;
• avoid slavery money, ask, take action (but we shall see later, for example, there are a number of disparate types of activities you can do for free) •
not let yourself lean on (share their problems is important, both with people who also live in first-person with whom you feel then to be "in the same boat" - and with people who but do not live the same situation and as such there may be more support and provide alternative strategies to the way we deal with the problem);
• activate resources and alternative strategies.

- Segue.